Grammar Summary: Declension Tables

Declension stands for different forms of nouns etc. in various cases. It applies to nouns, adjectives and pronouns.

Main declension types of nouns

casema-nounsmi-nounsn-nounsa-nounsi-nouns
nom.sg.---œ-a-
acc.sg.-a-u
dat.sg.-u(+)i-i
gen.sg./dual-a-e-i
ins.sg.-œm-om-i, -’ju
voc.sg.-#e, -u-œ-o (-e)-i
nom./voc.pl.-[œv]+i-a-e-i
acc.pl.-[œv]e
dat./ins.pl.-[œv]+ima-ima-ama-ima
gen.pl.-[œv]a-a-a-i

The longer plural [œv] is added to most masculine one-syllable words, with some notable exceptions: dan "day", päs "dog", prst "finger", sat (when used in meaning "hour"), zub "tooth".

An ä in the last syllable in nom. sg. disappears in all other cases except in the gen.pl. It can also "appear out of nowhere" in words with consonant clusters like pismo nom.sg — pisäma gen.pl.

Minor declension types on nouns

• Minor types of n-nouns

nom./voc.sg.im-euž-e podn-ečud-o
acc.sg.
dat.sg.im-en-uuž-et-u podn-ev-učud-u
gen.sg./dualim-en-auž-et-a podn-ev-ačud-a
ins.sg.im-en-omuž-et-om podn-ev-omčud-om
nom./voc.pl.im-en-auž-et-a podn-ev-ačud-es-a / čud-a
acc.pl.
dat./ins.pl.im-en-imauž-et-ima podn-ev-imačud-es-ima / čud-ima
gen.pl.im-en-auž-et-a podn-ev-ačud-es-a / čud-a

• 'Habitant' ma nouns on -in

nom.sg.Srb-in
acc.sg.Srb-in-a
dat.sg.Srb-in-u
gen.sg./dualSrb-in-a
ins.sg.Srb-in-om
voc.sg.Srb-in-e
nom./voc.pl.Srb-i
acc.pl.Srb-e
dat./ins.pl.Srb-ima
gen.pl.Srb-a

Adjectives

• The common pattern

casemamin            f            
nom./voc.sg.-, -i-, -i      -œ-a
acc.sg.-œg(a)-u
dat.sg.-œm(u), -ome-oj
gen.sg.-œg(a)-e
ins.sg.-im-om
dual (2-4)-a-e
nom./voc.pl.-i-a-e
acc.pl.-e
dat./ins.pl.-im
gen.pl.-ih

An ä in the last syllable in nom. sg. disappears in all other cases. Some adjectives have always -i in nom. sg. m.

moj-like words

casemami        n            f            
nom./voc.sg.mojmojmojemoja
acc.sg.mojeg(a), mog(a)moju
dat.sg.mojem(u), mom(u)mojoj
gen.sg.mojeg(a), mog(a)moje
ins.sg.mojimmojom

The dual and plural are formed according to the common adjective pattern. In the same way, one constructs the case forms for tvoj and svoj.

• Demonstratives

casemami        n            f            
nom./voc.sg.taj (!)taj (!)tota
acc.sg.tog, togatu
dat.sg.tom, tome, tomutoj
gen.sg.tog, togate
ins.sg.timtom

The dual and plural are formed according to the common adjective pattern. In the same way, one constructs the case forms for ovaj and onaj.

Personal pronouns

case1st2nd3rd m    3rd n    3rd f    reflexive
nom.sg. ja ti on ono ona
acc.sg. mene / me tebe / te njega / ganju / ju, je sebe / se
gen.sg. nje / je
dat.sg. meni / mi tebi / ti njemu / munjoj / joj sebi / si
ins.sg. mnom tobom njim njom sobom
nom.pl. mi vi oni ona one
same
as
sg.!
acc./gen.pl. nas / nas vas / vas njih / ih
dat./ins.pl. nama / nam vama / vam njima / im

Question-words tko and što

casepersonsnon-persons
nom.tko što
acc.koga (kog)
dat.kome, komučemu
gen.kogačega (čeg)
ins.kim, kimečim, čime

No comments:

Post a Comment