Let me explain more aspect patterns and give you the basic information about verb stress.
Symmetric Pattern with Unused Roots
There are some verbs that follow the symmetric verb pattern, but the verbs are derived from forms that are not used on its own. For instance, there are pairs:
s-pajam ~ s-pojim "connect, join" pri-pajam ~ pri-pojim "annex"
But there's no verb pajam ~ pojim, there is a verb pojim, but it's unrelated! There are more such "bases" not used on their own, e.g.:
-premam ~ -premim
This pair is quite important; it contains a verb meaning "prepare" and another often used verb. They are used like this:
prefix grammar meaning do- N A (D) N brings, delivers A (to D) o- N A N equips, furnishes A ot- N A (D) N ships, sends A (to D) pos- N A N tidies A pri- N A (D) N prepares A (for D) s- N A
N A (D)N puts A to its place
N makes A ready (for D)
The verb spremim ~ spremam is often used and quite hard to translate. It means "bringing things into order": putting things where they belong, but also "prepare food", and making prepared for anything, getting "ready":
[under construction]The adjective spreman means "ready"; the noun oprema means "equipment".
It's useful to learn all verbs derived from the same base together, since they all follow the same aspect pattern, the same verb type, but also they have the same stress!
Introduction to Verb Stress
For many verbs, there is be a difference between the stress in present (and passive adj.) and the stress in past participle and infinitive.
Regarding lengths, some endings (e.g. present) have long vowels, some don't:
pres. class 0 n, 'j/a a i 1st sg. -em -ēm -ām -īm 2nd sg. -eš -ēš -āš -īš 3rd sg. -e -ē -ā -ī 1st pl. -emo -ēmo -āmo -īmo 2nd pl. -ete -ēte -āmo -īmo 3rd pl. -ū -ajū (!) -ē
The pattern of prefixed verbs depends on the pattern of the base verbs, so it's easier to treat them together, even if the pattern change when an suffix is added. The part of the verb we get when all endings are removed is called root. The verb root itself can be either long or short.
Verb Stress Patterns
Many base verbs have always falling stress on the root (and short vowel), e.g. punīm "fill". All forms have the exactly same stress (punio, puniti). The common verbs with the falling stress pattern are:
brinēm "worry"
brišēm, brisao "wipe"
crtām "draw, sketch"
čekām "wait"
čeznēm "yearn"
čistīm "clean"
dām "give" (perf.)
dižēm, dizao "raise"
gazīm "trample"
ginēm "perish"
gladīm "pet, smooth"
gledām "watch"
grijēm, grijao "heat"
grabīm "grab"
grlīm "hug"
gurnēm (perf.) "push"
hvatām "catch"
igrām "play"
jamčīm "guarantee"
jedēm, jeo, jela, jesti "eat"
kucām "knock"
kuhām "cook"
kušām "taste, sample"
lajēm, lajao "bark"
mičēm, micao "move, shift"
mislīm "think"
mjërīm "measure"
mucām "stammer"
mučīm "torture"
ničēm, nicao "sprout"
nudīm "offer"
padām "fall"
padnēm, pao, pala, pasti (perf.) "fall"
patīm "suffer"
pazīm "beware"
pijēm, pio "drink"
pjëvām "sing"
plačēm, plakao "cry, shed tears"
plašīm "scare"
plivām "swim"
pljunēm (perf.) "spit"
pljusnēm (perf.) "slap"
pljujēm, pljuvao "spit"
pratīm "follow"
pucām "shoot; crack"
punīm "fill"
pušīm "smoke"
pužēm, puzao "crawl"
ranīm "injure" (perf.)
rëžēm, rëzao "cut"
rušīm "demolish"
silīm "force"
sijēm, sijao "sow"
slavīm "celebrate"
slikām "make/paint pictures"
slušām "listen"
srećēm, sretao "meet"
stanēm, stao (perf.) "stand"
stižēm, stizao "arrive"
svićēm, svitao "dawn"
tjërām "chase, drive away"
tjëšīm "comfort"
trëbām "need, should"
trgām "tear, pull apart"
vadīm "extract"
varām "cheat"
vraćām "return"
vjërujēm, vjërovao "believe"
znām "know"
žalīm "regret"
When verbs with the falling stress pattern get a prefix with a vowel (e.g. na + punīm) they get a rising stress on the prefix (nàpunīm). In the simplified Zagreb stress system, the stress does not move to the prefix (nàpunīm). The exception are verbs d-ām and zn-ām that really don't have a vowel in their root; their stress moves to the prefix even in the Zagreb system, and their passive adj. ends on -āt or -ān.
Of course, if the prefix does not contain a vowel (e.g. s-trgām) nothing changes. Only vowels in prefixes have any effect. This table summarizes this rather simple pattern:
pattern falling dām, znām verb base + prefix base + prefix present punīm nà-punīm dām dò-dām past part. punio nà-punio dao dò-dao infinitive puniti nà-puniti dati dò-dati pass. adj. punjen nà-punjen dān, dāt dò-dān, dò-dāt
There are base verbs that always have a rising stress on their root which stays the same in all forms; the vowel can be either short or long. The common ones are:
[under construction]When such verbs get a prefix, the stress moves to the prefix in present and passive adjective, and they get a rising stress on it; however, the stress stays put in the Zagreb system. This table summarizes the patterns:
pattern rising verb base + prefix base + prefix present ùčīm nà-učīm žúrīm pò-žūrīm past part. ùčio na-ù-čio žúrio po-žúrio infinitive ùčiti na-ù-čiti žúriti po-žúriti pass. adj. ùčen nà-učen — —
You can see that lengths do not change (ū + rising stress = ú): only stress type and place do. The stress of prefixed verbs always alternates between present and past/infinitive (but stays put in the Zagreb system).
I have taken few i-verbs, all having vowel u in their root, to show that the verb stress pattern is quite independent of their verb type and vowels in the root.
There's another pattern: falling-rising. Many verbs a falling stress in present, and rising in past part. and infinitive. Examples are pītām, pítati and molīm, mòliti. We see that lengths of the vowel don't change, just the nature of the stress (falling in present, rising in past/infinitive). Common base verbs with this pattern and the short vowel are:
gonīm "chase"
kašljēm, kàšljao "cough"
kosīm "mow"
lažēm, lagao, lagala, làgati "say"
lomīm "break"
ložīm "fuel, feed fire"
metnēm "put" (perf.)
molīm "pray"
nosīm "carry"
orēm, òrao "till"
planēm "flare" (perf.)
pustīm "let go" (perf.)
s-pojīm "connect" (perf.)
s-tvorīm "create, make" (perf.)
volīm, vòlio, vòljëla "like, love"
vozīm "drive"
It's worth noting that there are no a-verbs in this group. Some verbs don't exist in their base form nowadays: there's no verb pojim, only prefixed forms exist; however the prefix s- does not change the stress since it has no vowel. The same of course holds for s-ložīm "put together" (perf.), etc. The following verbs have this pattern, but with a long vowel:
brūsīm "grind"
būdīm "wake"
būnīm "revolt"
būšīm "puncture, drill"
dāvīm "choke"
dīšēm, dísao "breathe"
gāsīm "extinguish; turn off"
grādīm "build"
gūrām "push"
hlādīm "cool, refrigerate"
hōdām "walk, go"
hrānīm "feed"
hr̄čēm, hŕkao "snore"
hvālīm "praise"
kānīm "intend"
kāžēm, kázao "say"
krēćēm, krétao "move"
krūžīm "cycle, rotate"
līžēm, lízao "lick"
māšēm, máhao "wave"
māmīm "lure"
mijēnjām "change"
mijēšām "stir, mix"
mlātīm "flail, beat"
mōrām "must"
nēmām "have not"
njīšēm, njíhao "sway"
pālīm "burn"
pīšēm, písao "write"
pītām "ask"
plāćām "pay"
plātīm "pay" (perf.)
plēšēm, plésao "dance"
prīmām "receive"
prūžām "provide, stretch"
pūšēm, púhao "blow"
pūštām "let go"
rādīm "work"
rāđām "give birth"
rijēšīm "solve" (perf.)
rūčām "have lunch"
sānjām, sánjao "dream"
sīnēm "dawn"
skāčēm, skákao "jump"
s-lāmām "break"
s-lāžēm, s-lágao "put together"
slūžīm "serve"
smātrām "consider"
s-mētām "interfere"
s-mīrīm "calm" (perf.)
snīmīm "record, shoot" (perf.)
snīmām "record, shoot"
s-nīzīm "lower" (perf.)
s-pājām "connect"
spāsīm "save"
spāvām "sleep"
s-prēmām "prepare, tidy"
s-prēmīm "prepare, tidy" (perf.)
stāvljām "put"
strādām "get hurt, suffer"
s-tvārām "create, make"
svīrām "play (music)"
sūdīm "judge"
sūmnjām "doubt"
šēćēm, šétao "stroll, walk"
trāžīm "seek"
tūžīm "accuse, complain"
vēžēm, vézao "tie"
vīčēm, víkao "yell"
vlādām "rule"
vrātīm "return" (perf.)
znāčīm "mean, signify"
zrāčīm "ventilate; radiate"
žārīm "glow, radiate"
žvāčēm, žvákao "chew"
There are some a-verbs in this group, a verb with a long stressed r (hr̄čēm, obviously it imitates the sound of snorring), and again some verbs that are used only with a prefix.
When a prefix with a vowel is added, the accent moves to the beginning of the word in present, and we get a rising stress. This table summarizes this pattern, with and without prefixes:
pattern rising-falling verb base + prefix base + prefix present pustīm nà-pustīm hrānīm nà-hrānīm past part. pùstio na-pùstio hránio na-hránio infinitive pùstiti na-pùstiti hrániti na-hrániti pass. adj. pušten nà-pušten hrānjen nà-hrānjen
You see that there is no real difference between verbs with short and long vowels. The stress does not move in the Zagreb system. It's worth noting that the passive adj. has the stress like the present form. This pattern is really similar to the rising pattern, the only difference is a falling stress in present and passive adjective of base verbs.
All verbs that fall into uje/ova and uje/iva types have always the stress and lengths as shown here, regardless of any prefixes (that is, kupujem and po-kupujem have the same stress):
type uje/ova uje/iva verb base prefixed base prefixed present kùpujēm po-kùpujēm dàrujēm po-kàzujēm past part. kupòvao po-kupòvao darívao po-kazívao infinitive kupòvati po-kupòvati darívati po-kazívati pass. adj. — — — —
As you can see, the i in present -iva-m is always stressed with a rising stress and is long. Now stress moves in the Zagreb system too!
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