70 Introducing Dialects

Warning: you might want to skip this chapter and the following ones in the first reading. It introduces some advanced topics.

What are dialects? There's no simple answer, but everyone seems to understand the concept. They are different varieties that are hidden under one "umbrella" language.

So, in a perfect world, there would be discrete languages, and they would be internally divided into dialects. Surely, in a border area between two languages, a dialect could have some characteristics of the neighbor language. Well it is so maybe if we discuss Hungarian, a language that's surrounded with completely unrelated and unintelligible languages, but in the case of Croatian it's very far from the actual situation.

Is it necessary to have any knowledge of Croatian dialects? Well, yes. Not really to be able to speak them (but it would be immensely appreciated if you, e.g. try to move to a particular region of Croatia) but to have some idea and understanding of them, because they are actually used much. People actually use them. Actually, everyone mostly uses a mix of the Standard and dialect. This table summarizes what I mean:

dialect	mostly dialect + some Standard	some dialect + mostly Standard	Standard
people at home, local pubs, shops; poetry, traditional and pop songs	ordinary people in public, at office; pop songs; forums	"educated" people in public, politicians, government; local radio stations; songs, novels	professional speakers on TV and radio

How many distinct dialects are there? Well, there's no clear answer. To explain the complicated situation we need to look at a wider picture of "Western South Slavic dialects" (WSS) — that is, all dialects/speeches from Austrian and Italian border with Slovenia, all the way east to Southern Serbia. I will list all the dialects (their number depends on how one counts them), and give the same sentence in some dialects (as it is pronounced)!

[under construction]

• Western Slovenian [sl]

• Northern Slovenian [sl]

Dẹn je biw dobər. Dowgo dẹlamo v polju. Kjer je sọnce? Padaw bọ snẹg

• Central Slovenian * [sl, hr]

Dan je biw dobər. Dowgo dẹlamo v polju. Kjer je sọnce? Padaw bọ snẹg

• Central Kajkavian [hr]

Dẹn je bil dobẹr. ... Padal bu snẹg.

• South Kajkavian [hr]

Dan je bil dobar. Dugo dẹlamo v polu. Padal bu snẹg.

• Northwestern Čakavian [hr]

Dan j bil dobar. Dugo delamo va poje. Kade je sunce? Padat će sneg.

• Central Čakavian [hr]

...

• Southeastern Čakavian [hr]

Dan je bil dobar. ... Gdi je sunce? Padat će snig.

• Posavina Štokavian (Slavonian) [hr]

Dan je bio dobar. ... Padat će snig.

• Ikavian Neoštokavian [hr, bo]

Dan je bija dobar. ... Di je sunce? Padat će snig.

• Ijekavian Neoštokavian (East Herzegovinian) ** [hr, bo, se, mn]

Dan je bio dobar. Dugo radimo u polju. Gdje je sunce? Padat će snijeg.

• Ekavian Neoštokavian *** [se]

Dan je bio dobar. Dugo radimo u polju. Gde je sunce? Padat će sneg.

• Eastbosnian Štokavian [hr, bo]

Dan je bio dobar. Dugo radimo u polju. Gđe je sunce? Padat će snjeg.

• Zeta-Sandžak Štokavian [bo, se, mn]

• Kosovo-Resava Štokavian [se]

In parentheses, I listed ethnicity of speakers: sl = Slovenes, hr = Croats, bo = Bosniaks, se = Serbs, mn = Montenegrins. Some dialects are spoken by only one ethnic group, others by up to four! You can see that Croats speak at least 9 different dialects. The dialects spoken are usually grouped into slovenian, kajkavian, čakavian, and štokavian, but that grouping actually hides the real diversity.

So what are Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian etc. languages? They are standards roughly based on a dialect, with some arbitrary and artificial additions. I have used asterisks to indicate dialects that served as basis for standards:

* for Slovene
** for Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin
*** for Serbian

Since all standards (except Slovenian) are based on fairly similar dialects, usually there's no need to translate between the Standard languages — I can read any book written in Bosnian or Serbian (but there are some differences in legal, scientific etc. terms). It's a bit harder with Slovenian for me (and speaking with the proper accent is out of question). But it's much easier for speakers of Kajkavian dialects. It's a matter of dispute where the Kajkavian dialects end and the Slovene begin — some people use the state borders as a divider, but I here grouped "Gorski kotar Kajkavian" with the Central Slovenian dialect. Otherwise, everyone agrees that other dialects don't respect state borders at all. Here's a map:

[map under construction]

You see that the map is rather bizarre. "Out of place" dialects are a result of migrations some 500 years ago, during the Turkish invasion of the Balkans.

Should one disregard dialects as uneducated, rural speech, and concentrate on the Standard? Not really. First, because they appeal to emotions, songs frequently include some dialect. In fact, the bulk of Croatian pop is in dialect, mainly Southeastern Čakavian and Ikavian Neoštokavian. For instance, a quite popular tune, Galeb i ja "Seagull and me" is completely in dialect; here I quote its refrain:

Ča sve vaja, u svom bisu,       Da i more vrije, pini, Bit gospodar, usrid svega, Živo klicat, u visini (Tomislav Zuppa)

The very first word, ča, does not exist in the Standard, and in fact the Čakavian dialects are named after it (it means "what"). Similarly, a lot of movies and books feature various dialects in dialogs. But there's another reason. Here are front pages of some old books:

       

These are (from the left) the first printed novel in Croatian (Zoranić: Planine), published in year 1569; a five-language dictionary (Latin, Italian, Croatian, Hungarian, German) published in 1595, and a huge Latin-Croatian dictionary published in 1740, but actually written a century earlier. And all these works are in various dialects, not in the today Standard or some early version of it. Even in the 20th century a major work of Croatian literature was written in the Kajkavian dialect (Balade Petrice Kerempuha). Croatian dialects actually invoke "past glory" and late medieval culture; they were (and still are) speeches of advanced towns in Croatia, particularly on the coast. The story how the today Standard was selected is too complicated to explain here — a mix of history and politics, as one can expect.

So, the dialects in Croatia are not commonly associated with illiterate and ignorant peasants; the only way of escaping them is limiting oneself to TV news on the public TV. Therefore, I'll explain features of major dialects.

Beware, dialects differ in sounds, stress, details of grammar such as number of cases; in various case and verb endings, number of tenses; in some basic vocabulary including pronouns, etc. The differences are larger than e.g. between the Ukrainian and the Russian language! Yeah, you could have chosen some other language, but now it's too late.